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VII

03:36 AM, Thursday 13 August 2009 .. Link

Section VII of the Official System of a Qing dynasty, the Qing Dynasty and the Cabinet Office, the establishment of a military aircraft. Government abolished the Council of Ministers Wang Qing rulers before entry, there have been government Ministers Wang , by the Eight Kings and Prime Minister of the Treasury flag ministers, where the imperial court of the military affairs of the country, it must be discussed and decision-making. This shows that the government is the king of Ministers aristocratic control of Manchuria court politics, the interests of safeguarding their own privileges institutions, this is bound to the centralization of power with the feudal autocratic monarchy and the contradictions and conflicts occur. Therefore, the unification of China after the Qing Dynasty, the feudal emperor would by allowing Mongolian, Chinese Minister to participate in government and the establishment of the Cabinet and so on, and gradually weaken the government the authority of the Conference, Minister Wang, and ultimately in the Qianlong Fifty-seven years in 1792 be abolished formally banned. 2. Clearance to the Cabinet before the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the imperial court has three homes, that is, within the National History Center, with the Secretary of homes, with Hirofumi hospital, sub-charge of the emperor Remember personal, legislation for the history books, written by Record, Imperial system and the drafting of credentials into the stresses, such as for the emperor. Hospitals located within the University of disabilities, degree, etc., can participate in national confidential. Shunzhi fifteen 1658, the Qing Dynasty to three homes for the cabinet, set up the University of disabilities, plus Diange title, half Han. And modeled on the Ming system, where various officials on the provisions of thewas, to be approved by the Cabinet on behalf of purpose for the emperor to deal with a number of views, and then into the emperor was for the emperor39s edict, issued by the cabinet, such as 6 yamen implementation. Initially, as a result of the provisions of the University official who was only fifth, the power to make the cabinet instead of Hospitals with less than the original. However, due to the use of the Qing Dynasty Emperor Wang cabinet government curb the power of Ministers to Cabinet status is improved. Yongzheng whenpromoted to the position is a grade goods, has become the most senior court officials. However, after the establishment of military aircraft to replace many of the terms of reference of the Cabinet, Cabinet officials to deal with routine matters only, and that moment, the scholar has become a kind of Wen-Chen Cheng said. 3. Study on the South South study of the Southern Palace of Heavenly Purity in the veranda, was Emperor Kangxi of the study, then the election officials, such as call Hallim duty to be known as the walking library south. Emperor Kangxi in the spare time, they had to paintsuch as attendance, and participation of maintenance and our emperor will, drafted by Dahir, once issued an edict about. However, the study only in the south when Emperor Kangxi have this special status. 4. The establishment of military aircraft for seven years Yongzheng 1729, when the Qing in the northwest and the Junggar Department operations, in order to timely disposition of military intelligence, was established in the imperial military room, directly to front-line military and the emperor will, so the province can Cabinet to the complexity of procedures, but not easy to leak. After the Army, also known as the engine room, Yongzheng Decade 1732 officially renamed Department for military aircraft , or military aircraft, the expansion of its terms of reference also for the participation of all national political forces. Department as a result of military aircraft to convey the emperor will, efficient disposal of the Chief, the autocratic imperial power reached its peak, so even though it is not a formal institution, has been retained, and the history of the Qing dynasty played an important role. Military aircraft military aircraft Office minister, called the military walk Department , walk on planes Minister , without quota, more than those six or seven people, generally selected the University of disabilities, the Book of History,acting as such officer, the late Qing Dynasty Prince also selected . Captain of the aircraft minister called the first estimate. Secretary of State Office in military aircraft military aircraft duty in shifts, to prepare the emperor summoned at any time to discuss military affairs of the country. Secretary of State aircraft should be drawn up in accordance with the views of the emperor Royal Instructions issued to the relevant departments, called the send-ting. At that time, the cabinet issued a variety of documents called out the In contrast, military aircraft ting Department has sent out the more diligence and speed, the prominent characteristic of Micronesia. Military aircraft for the junior minister, awarded the Minister of the military to learn to walk, the status of slightly lower frequency in the latter. Military aircraft military aircraft known as the Secretary of State39s ChapterBeijing, commonly known as a small military aircraft, military aircraft Office in charge of day-to-day clerical work,Royal Instructions, and other manuscripts. Second, other central administrative bodies of central administration of the Qing Dynasty set up and charge, such as six, Jiuqing five Temple, two supervisors, are the same and the Ming Dynasty, only for the Qing Dynasty by the Ad Hoc., set up the Book of History,as deputy Chief Executive, specifically in charge of Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang minority affairs around. In addition, somealso in charge of foreign affairs, trade services, such as the Russian Museum and so on, until only the ancient diplomacy, trade and other services charge was placed under the Prime Minister yamen States. Third, the Qing Dynasty Qing Dynastythewith the Ming Dynasty, is the highest supervisory body.have left, left, viceare the Deputy Chief Executive. Ming Dynasty as an independent monitoring bodysix subjects,integrated into the Qing Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty to the whole country is divided into 15 monitoring zones set up 15 monitoringpointsRoad in charge of auditingall cases, and the right to special services in Beijing, the government offices. Beijing has also set upWucheng, points east, west, south, north, and in five cities, each city to set up a government office toExecutivefor special inspection agencies and local city officials. In addition, the hospital also has the Qing Dynasty imperial clan Inspector, the special people in special government affairsOffice set up special, specialized inspection services. Fourth, where the Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty local administrative bodies in general can be divided into provincial, prefecture state office, and county levels. The highest military and political at the provincial level for the Executive Governor, governor. The Governor and the governor are in the Ming Dynasty sent theOfficials in the Qing Dynasty became senior official of the local officials. Governor General to the jurisdiction of provinces in the three provinces, but the Governor of Sichuan province of Sichuan on only. Governor andandcases aretitle right, which enabled him to master a number of provincial administrative, military, and to monitor the power. The Governor also referred to as the military system , system of Taiwan. Governor of a province to the highest military and political Executive, and Hyobucases, areVicetitle, so that the province has the right to control the administrative, military, surveillance, such as a power. Governor can be referred to as the , . Governor, under theask, in charge of a province39s fiscal Fu, Home.can be referred to as,.also established, in charge of a province of the judiciary, as well as to monitor the Communication Services Station. Taiwancan be referred to as provincial judge, provincial judge Division. The inspector general in the Qing Dynasty,,may be collectively known as the three gazetted. Beginning of the Qing Dynasty, under theabout politics, Services, stationed in a place known as Shou Roadalso under, Qian thing and so on, to go round at a place known as the Tour Road. Qianlong, when the abolition of the above-mentioned political participation, such asofficer, a dedicated sub-Shou Road, Road Tour, leading soldiers to prepare the title, the jurisdiction of the State House has become between the provincial and state level government agencies, called the Road members. In nominal terms, the Dow should be sent Province administration. Qing Road also established a number of professional staff, such as the Treasury is responsible for river and is responsible for salt, tea, food and so on. Under the provincial government toChief Executive, in charge of a House Administration and the state-owned, county of liturgical, litigation and other matters. In addition, the Bongand Tianfu, namely capital and capital position higher than the average government based its provincial Executive. Also with the state government at the same level of the Province, directly under the provinces, in order to know the state of its Executive. There is a county. Ethnic minority areas in the Province to set up a room, directly under the provinces, in order to, pass sentence for the Executive. Under the county government and the bulk state. County is the local administrative organizations at the grassroots level, Chief Executive for the county magistrate. States are due to scattered and ad hoc manner, and also to know the state of its Executive.
Fifth, changes in the late Qing dynasty Qing Dynasty of the late Western imperialism into the door of China, who under the pretext of trade, a step-by-step action infringed upon China39s sovereignty. At that time some people would like to achieve through the reform Restorationpurposes. The new situation forced the Qing Government Officials of the feudal system had to do some adjustments. Government departments, increases and decreases, and some renamed. But does not have to restore the feudal system of the whole fate of the dying. Sixth, the Qing Dynasty costumes Tseuk Luk and officials of grade 1. Qing Dynasty Qing Dynasty knighthoods knighthoods are divided into two sets ofwith Spyker. Also known as Grandsignificant is the closure of the Manchu imperial clan, the first for 12 and so on, when Emperor Qianlong, such as increased to 14 in Table 8. Of course there is the table name reflects the difference between the grades, does not really mean. Spyker is another set of letters addressed to the hero ofin Table 8. Such title, some divided into first, second and third class. Xun Qing Dynasty abolished, some name for the Grand-hoon of the. Table 8 Table No. 9 Grand Qing Qing Wen-order goods attache Table 2. Honest and upright official of the Qing Dynasty-order goods are divided into civil and military officialseach positive goods, from a total of 18. San Qing Dynasty official rank of the civil and military is 18. In table 9. As a result of the different grades, the court granted the official specifications, the use of different forms of grant instruments. 3. Clean and dress the salary regardless of Han Qing officials, civil and military, whose salary will be determined by grade level to the permanent-lu-meter silver and distributed. Military attache Paul meters away is not entitled, or pay the Bank issued. In addition to pension officials are, there are the Emperor bestowed the pensions , as well as silver Honesty. Officials in the Qing Dynasty costumes and a greater difference between the past, officials of color, regardless of grade of service, and only allowed Prince and special thanks to the Prince, Prince can be golden robes Baiguan generally blue or purple stone deep green with red color . Important officials in the Qing Dynasty costumes difference is that sub-top and sub-premium. Dingzirefers to the cap beads. Officials of different rank, using beads cap material are also different, as shown in table 10. When the officials were removed from office, the first head of the hat to be removed, as is his hat in his capacity as the beads of an important symbol. Table 10 Top Qing crown, meeting officials of the Qing Dynasty costumes were tables outside in robes to cover a lapel coat, called the fill coat. Fill coat the front and back of each square into a piece of embroidery patterns, known as sub-fill. Sub-fill pattern is for the birds in the civil service, military attache for the mammalsofficials to monitor the system, regardless of official goods, embroidered haitai xiZh, because the animal can be said that on their merits. In addition, senior officials of the Qing Dynastybehindalso pulled a bunch of hair, known as Ling spent. Ling on the circle-like patterns called eyes, then again show the level of the number of eyes, a monocular, binocular, divided into three. Since the Tang Dynasty, the bright yellow light yellow to become the emperor39s special color, it is said that the central element is earth, the theory of color is still yellow. As the Qing rulers believe in Buddhism, Buddhist prayer beads also affected the Qing Dynasty costumes officials. Provisions of the Qing Dynasty, when officials in court dress to wear, we should wear in the neck on the 108 beads, referred to as beads. Item-level officials of different material and wear beads thread beads are different colors. Hsu Shu-an
Notes 1 Records of the Historian denebola this discipline. 2 Guo Goldentest. 3 Zuo Xi public twenty-four years. 4 Zuozhuan into the public two years. 5 Records of the HistorianQi family. 6 Han Baiguan Gongqing table. 7 Zhongshan Han Jing Wang Chuan. 8 Wang Han feudal order form. 9 Official Jin Shu-chi. 10 Song Book Baiguan blog. 11 12 Officialsix. 13 14 Tang Code 6 Volume 1. 15 from the left made the East the history of China39s political system. 16 Official History of the Ming Zhi-a.
The twenty-seventh chapter of the Ancient Chinese ancient imperial examination system, elections and electoral system is the system of personnel selection. Talent, is its most valuable asset. Despite the different social patterns, the rulers of the selection criteria for personnel varies, but in Ancient China informed politicians, the question of their talent to govern the country as the fundamental, all emphasis on the training, selection and appointment is Rise and Fall of the rise and fall of the country39s major problem. Successive rulers in order to solve the selection of personnel, have established a set of electoral system. Generally speaking, the ancient social development is constrained by economic fundamentals, but the electoral system as one aspect of the superstructure, the evolution of the social system, the Rise and Fall of Empire also have a significant impact. Successive electoral system has a very broad way, including a variety of elections, but each historical period, there will always be one or two elections means a dominant position, they play an important political development of the impact of the electoral system during this period is representative of the form . Imperial examination system in China39s feudal society, the latter part of the main electoral system, electoral system is an important ancient component. This chapter is mainly to China in ancient times to make a summary of the electoral system introduced, with emphasis on feudal society.
Section I of the original clan society of democratic elections and the demise One, the principle of democratic elections in the original clan society, tribal leaders and tribal alliance is a collective consultation and democratic elections. At that time, the low level of productivity, one can only rely on the common labor to survive, and production tools, and labor are the property of the collective harvest of all, we were a matter of obligation, have the same rights, so at this time not as a ruler of the official were not the rulers, the people. Tribal leaders only tribal affairs manager. According to historical records, the Chinese original clans of the tribal alliance late there have been leaders Yao, Shun and Yu et al. How they were selected as the highest leader of it? According to the Book of History and Historical Records records, Yao Zhi39s brother was the head of the tribal alliance, because he is poor and to be removed, so we also elected to replace a loved-yao jobs. Records of the Historian denebola the discipline and justice cited the imperial mind, said loved the nine-year reign, weak governance, and the Hou Tang Yao Dresdner, to the lords, the service of their loved justice, is the rate ofTang made to Zen. Huainanzi this through training, said a hi everyone, Chi-yao, for the Son of Heaven. All these embody the principles of democratic elections. Yao in his later years to seek their own successors, he has that is, four tribal chiefs advice.elected the sun, sun-yao said that the need for a first test. Later, Yao Shun finally do take over the head of the tribal alliance. Sun in consultation with their successors, the proposedYu, Shun agreed. Clear from the above that, when the highest leaders of the tribal alliance39s successor is the responsibility of the tribal chiefs were elected by the common, rather than individual decisions which the individual. At that time, as the supreme leader was elected successor, and can not be readily accessible by the head of the post, he will have to withstand the test of many years, the people in obtaining a wide range of trust and support of the future in order to serve as the head of official duties. Therefore, the Records of the Historian denebola this discipline, records, Yao-sun was elected the successor to do so, the Yao, two women are based on sun to watch his wife, so that nine men and sentenced to outside view. ... ... So is the test-Yao-shun V Code Baiguan are governance, more than 20 years later, the sun was only officially practice. Yu is also the same. Yu Although flooding as a result of management leadership, and achieved great success, winning the people39s support, but he also has seventeen years after the test before the official inauguration. On the specific election-related activities, it is estimated that including God and do things the two aspects of people. Matter refers to the so-called God worship the gods held a number of activities, such as Mencius said recommended in the days and days by the , main altar to God and to enjoy the 100, is affected by the day. It is said that Let elected chair of the heir to the festival in order to obtain the recognition of God. Matter is defined as the so-called heirs through good governance in the affairs of the tribal alliance in order to obtain the trust and support of the people. So Mencius said The principal thing to governance, security of people is also of the people affected. 1 Second, the hereditary monarchy of the late embryonic primitive clan society, as a result of productivity improvement, people39s work with the remaining harvest, the accumulation of social wealth, private property began to emerge. Leaders at all levels as a result of the convenience of the post to become the dominate the remainder of wealth. At this time in the electoral system, the traditional principles of democratic elections has been continuously shock and damage to the heirs of tribal leaders in the issue, there have been a struggle for power struggle following the phenomenon of sub-become increasingly evident. The traditional principle of the destruction of democratic elections, the major son in the head with priority inheritance. Records of the Historian denebola the discipline and Mencius mentioned, Yao collapse, lost three years to complete, so production-sun Danjuma Yao39s son in the south of Nanhe. Feudatory Danjuma pilgrims and not of the sun of First Instance of Danjuma prison and not the sun Acura Acura Danjuma did not eulogize the sun. shun said 39days39, Cardiff and then the emperor of China39s Jian-bit behavior. This means that after the death of Yao, Shun, as successor the head office did not immediately post. Only because of the tribal chiefs and the people do not support Danjuma, sun in a few years before the official successor to the chief post of the tribal alliance. Shun39s death, Yu39s successor, there are also facing similar situation. Records of the Historian denebola this discipline, it reads Yu-sun is recommended in the day Yu. Seventeen years and collapse. Funeral three years to complete, so that Yu is also, such as the sun so that sub-yao. Feudatory go of, and then the emperor Yu Jian bit. mentioned in historical records to the leaders of the , pilgrimage leaders should be the new head of the Tribal Union of tribal chiefs from all the recognition and support, and the so-called eulogize in attitude is a reflection of all the clan members the choice of democratic elections. Shun and Yu is a democratically elected successor, as the supreme leader, but they are the official successor to the former, but also to give the job to the son of the former leader. This shows that the principle of democratic elections has been the impact and trampling. The traditional principle of the destruction of democratic elections, is also reflected in the emergence of acts of violence to seize power. Some historical records bad Jaud Celecoxib for the sun also by prisoners, prisoners shun Yao, Yan Fu Zhu Sedan so do not meet with the Father also 2, it is mandatory that the sun with a means of the highest leaders to seize power. Historically, Confucian scholars have long-term glorification of Yao, Shun and Yu the so-called demise , the landscaping was a let-yin, the ideal society, which is a great gap between the historical facts, but some historical records revealed by the few words at the time of the scramble for power struggle, clan society to better reflect the original characteristics of the late election. Such violence to seize power after the death of the Yu culminated finally in the form of war to be addressed. Yuof old age first elected as the successor, and soon diedalso elected as the successor Boyi. Yu important but not assigned to the Chief Boyi so as to enable the Boyi failed to establish a reputation among the people. At the same time, Yu39s son Kai opportunity to expand its influence. Therefore, after the death of Yu, Kai will be the leader of the highest positions of power. Records of the Historian of the Xia Ji, said The collapse and Yu, though granted benefits, benefits Shonosuke Yu on shallow, and the world is not contact. Therefore, to benefit both the nobility and Kai North Korea ... .... In this regard, Boyi against, in Hu39s support of the tribe, with Kai for a fierce war to seize power. Kai made a final decisive victory, and firmly grasp the highest rule of clan society from the original principles of democratic elections have been completely abandoned, a new society to adapt to the electoral system of slavery generated.
Section II of the slave society of the world system of a Shi-Lu Qing, Xia and Shang Dynasty the power of hereditary Hsia, Shang dynasties primitive clan society of China has set up after the end of the two dynasties of slavery. This period, from the supreme ruler of his master Wang to the nobility at all levels, and their power is by its own course, to the hereditary succession of generations, and they dominated for generations to come with their own political positions and power, from generation to generation to enjoy a variety of economic privileges, and this is the World-Qing Shi-Lu system. Book of Rites, said this is the big world and that the ceremony refers to such a system. In this hereditary, the son of a stepfather called the World, following the elder brother to younger brother and called. According to Historical Records of the summer of the Chi and The Yin Ji , the summer of succession to the throne to the younger generation are basically step-father to son, and gradually formed a set of succession to the eldest son of entropy at the core of the Patriarchal System. From ancient literature, thepeople as the supreme rulers, it was also followed the hereditary principle. Shangshu Pangeng referred to the ancient I have, but also any old map were political. Here the old people or Book of History sub-micro in the so-called old place and refers to those who master the aristocracy.stressed the need to attack the appointment of those generations of aristocrats, the common management of state affairs. Second, the election of the characteristics of the Western Zhou Dynasty Western Zhou Dynasty is a highly developed kingdom of slavery, in the selectionalso is one of the world-Qing Shi-Lu system. Recorded in ancient literature reflects some of the features of this period. 1.appointment to the Zhou Dynasty Yin Fat Shaanxi and Gansu in the northwest area, and culturally backward areas in the Central Plains. Weeks after anti-business, a lot of the expansion of the rule of the region, requires a large amount of administrative personnel, and the Zhou Dynasty in the short term but it can not meet this need, so they adopted a retention policy of the old Shang, for example, to King Zhou39s uncle, Shu brother sub-micro, ritual music when Officer Bailey and less divisionJiang, file management books such as Stephen loved to have been important rulers weeks. Western Zhou Dynasty in the political regime of submission of the Shangthe old policy is taken very prominent, chancery wine Letters Dan Zhou records, while reaffirming the fatwas, thedrinking is strictly prohibited, unless to the killing , while for those who indulge in alcohol while the old Shang, the killing chanel earrings goes, regardless of subject taught. This policy allows those who have a title of nobility in the Shang Dynasty were able to maintain a certain political status, so that the Western Zhou regime In his master class in a more broad support. 2. First kiss after Shang Dynasty Western Zhou rulers inherited the Patriarchal System, the implementation of entropy is not a long-yin principle, the eldest son inherit the throne by the first wife, soncalled lords. These leaders is small for the Son of Heaven, and in the country compared with the bulk of the letters. Their eldest son Jun entropy, and the rest of the public calledson.feudal monarch of the public is small, but in this town is closed for the bulk. This can be seen from the Patriarchal System of blood relations ensured the power of the status of hereditary succession, it is first of all emphasize that the kiss. Western Zhou rulers to promote meritocracy, but mostly in the low-level officials in the Qing, the doctormore power is basically the implementation of the World-Qing Shi-Lu system. Zhou and rural doctor official records, the majority of a three-year test of its virtues Road Art, and Sage-hing capable refers to the civilian population in the middle and lower classes of society those who selected Sage. Selected, the general added to the lower levels only to officials in. 3. The election of the local Simon weeks with disabilities, including the local elections was the selection of rural and feudal lords of. The outskirts of the capital known as the Western Zhou Heung, mainly inhabited by civilians. Executive as a Rural Township doctor. Cited earlier, Dr. Zhou and rural officials, the so-called three years a large majority , meaning the rural doctor in accordance with the recommendation of his subordinates, a triennial assessment, known as the majority. And then selected the user , Sage and then recommend to the court, which is usually called Heung-ju in the election. On selected criteria, that is, Zhou Tai Situ and officials, said were taught to three million rural people and the bin-hing. Third, that three things were that the six-Tak intelligent, benevolent, Saint, righteousness , loyalty, and, six lines filial piety, Friends, harmony, marriage, office, shirt, the six arts ritual, music, radio, Royal, books, a few. Of course, in these standards, as long as two aspects of a more prominent, there is the possibility of choice. Moral respect in the light of the trend of skill, where skill is recommended to appointments, are generally just like toin, status or low, can not be placed on a par with disabilities. Township elections are carried out through the ceremony of rural radio. In fact, the focus of this shot is not the ceremony shot between the high and low technology, but through a set of rituals which embody the rulers in the moral system requirements. Township, the election is still a situation that is selected by the local people with some excellent moral education into the Guoxue, that is, The Book of Rites, said of rural life, or the Stuart, who said election. Szeto disabilities on election Show persons or of science, who said Chun. According to The Book of Rites Xueji records, divided into primary and secondary schools and universities Guoxue two stages, the jun Guoxue those with disabilities into their university studies must be completed. University examination every year once the seventh pass the examination is called Xiao-Cheng , the ninth test to qualify to do type of access to knowledge, strong legislation and not anti- , called Tacheng. Then again outstanding recommendation through to the Sima Zhou Wang.called Scholars. Therefore, the Book of Rites said Ma, On the officer identified material, examination of both the Sage to the King, may be its theory. On the set, and then the officer., and then the Grand. Bit set, and then Paul39s . This is done by entering the career Guoxue. Feudal lordsis the obligation to contribute time and talents to the Zhou Emperor. The Book of Rites just shot, said The ancient emperor of the system, feudal-year-old Xian,in the Son of Heaven. This is the week of political leaders Wang examination of an important aspect of the merits and demerits. According to beginner mind cited big DAI, said those who did not contribute to good human resources leaders, we must be punished, a Grand dismiss, dismiss Furthermore, the three to dismiss. For the above-mentioned give the local rural people, who Guoxue, Gong leaders by the people, when they were recommended to the court after the king in the week under the auspices of the personal assessment to conduct a large-scale activities, called the big shot ceremony. Zhou Tian Qiu lawsuit, said The big shot who, for religious radio.Wang will be the thing to shooting Optional vassal states of the tribute andpeople who can sacrifice. Actually from the selection of personnel, an official appointment. Of course, the literature cited above can not help but mixed generations of Confucian scholars of the idealized element, but they also conveyed to us, after all, at that time some of the basic situation of the election. Third, the Bank under the Qing promoted by virtue of an exception to the patriarchal kinshiphereditary system of the World-Qing Shi-Lu, Shang and Zhou is one of the major characteristics of slave society, but this does not rule out some of the political rulers of enlightened rulers from The lower the selection of outstanding individual talent, exceptional given the task. Yiyinfor example, reuse, and ultimately established the rule of the Shang Dynastyfor appointment wu DING phase, the realization of the Shang39s ZTE and the Historical Records of the Yin Chi and other literature, Yiyin,who are slaves . Kang was born in the late Shang Dynasty, impoverished life, and later encountered in the spine Jinfishing, and Xing Wang plans to run by tyrants reuse. Cutting businesswhen Kang was the supreme commander of the army, and finally won a complete victory. These examples indicate that there is a history in excess of the general rules of the existence of special circumstances.
Section III of the early feudal society, a change in the electoral system, electoral system, the Spring and Autumn Period Spring and Autumn period of the new changes is the collapse of China39s slavery, the feudal system established in the era of great change. The feudal landlord class as a newly emerging political forces, after emergence in the Spring and Autumn Period. Their political commitment to reform the old electoral system of slavery, of being subject Yin, Paul credit where credit is due because of the electoral system to replace the old system of the World-Qing Shi-lu, and hopes that the new system for selecting all kinds of talent, strength the power of the feudal landlord class. Therefore, this period of some political leaders enlightened monarch States, in order to achieve the purpose ofoften can not include personal grudge, to be bold in some of the low status of appointments and outstanding people skills. For example,be able to reuse his political enemies and the only rich country for the phase of Guan Zhong, and that the election of its officers used the Sage and shelter, everyone has goodgive 3, and finally dominate the 100.with an open mind to attract more capable personnel to ransom five black sheep39s clothing to the slaves as a dowry, used as a doctor, and where reuse army who defected to the result of so powerful Qin together. Chu Wuappointment to thefor phase to the military strategist Sun Wu Qi commander for the military reform and internal affairs, and finally break theChu, win. Yue after another appointinglanguages, management of state affairs Fan Li and Under section folding sage thick when guests 4, through the hardships, determined to forge ahead, and finally out of the Wu. These examples show that in the new historical conditions, have also taken place in the electoral system changes. Second, each school39s Spring and Autumn Period talent, political upheaval and social revolution to the field of academic thinking very active, resulting in a hundred schools of thought contend situation. This period, various schools of thought from different angles to elaborate its own talent and electoral ideology, the reform of the electoral system for the provision of a variety of theoretical basis. Although the Western Zhou Dynasty Confucianism Confucius held the previous appreciation of the attitude of the political system, butselection, he proposed the give more capable personnel, the idea of the old system of the World-Qing Shi-lu made a lot of criticism, which is positive . Confucius39s students have done amortemExplorer, Confucius stressed, should give more capable personnel , that is, promotion-oriented talents. Lament that rare talent of Confucius, said, only difficult, not even true? 5 Confucius personnel selection criteria that is Chi in the Road, it was in Germany, according to Ren Yu in Culture , 6 is to make personnel should have the political ideals and aspirations, by virtue of the rules, relying on the benevolence of others on probation, skilled master ceremony, music, radio, Royal, books, the number of the six arts. Confucius advocated culture from those who selected a higher talent, so said You are the official school. 7 He also said advanced in the music, Savage also backward in the music, the gentleman also. If used, then from the advanced I. 8 means that learning music should be more capable personnel, after an official. The wild man refers to the civilian non-title gentleman refers to those who Tseuk Luk. Confucius did not support those nobles who do not study on an official. It is not difficult to see that these are the old Confucius World Qing Shi-lu critical system. MohistMozi explicitly put forward the idea. In Mozi , he stressed that the country cangood governance rather than governmentis the root cause of failure.to do, it should be non-party, favor the rich, the color does not exist. Sage previous example, the rich rather than of that Registrar unscrupulous persons and the abolition of suppression, of the poor and lowly, that only service. 9 so that the impermanence of your officers, and the low end of the people. There will then give them, and incompetent are under. 10 goals. Here, Mozi39s give more capable personnel is as high or low regardless of the status of the affinity with the blood, and as long as they are talented, they should be elected by, which is still emphasized respect for respect, kiss , adhere to the gentleman with the Villain Sophia and Confucius defined level, compared to a step forward greatly. Can be seen that Mozi patriarchal relations in respect of blood-based system of world-Qing Shi-lu negative, more thorough than that of Confucius. Taoism Taoist Zhuangzi39s unreasonable social phenomena revealed sharp and critical, but the solution is passive, doing nothing. They claim it is the best ignorance and indisputable no war , so that all contradictions can be removed, so politics emphasized the need to inaction. Lao Zi said the people39s intractable, with its multi-chi . it is unwise in the country, a country thief not Moses country, a blessing for the country. 11 This is not only a move against the more capable personnel, but also against the whole progress of human civilization, to advocate the more ignorant the better. Spring and Autumn Period Legalists Legalists is emerging landlord class in politics, radical ideology, they advocated the complete abolition of the old system, proposed laws, techniques, and powerful principle of governing the country. More capable personnel issues in the move, although they advocate the amount can be granted officialdue to reactive power , but it should be in accordance with law to carry out. Legalists with Confucianism, different inkadvocated that the state can no yin, but not without jun. They said Li-jun andis between the virtuous and Eagle, the chaos rather than free-jun. 12 is to say, if people are talented and achieved important results, it will lower the prestige of the monarch, the monarch a threat to the dictatorship. Legalists exaggerated one-sided law that mediocrity can also use the law to govern the country. In the selectionissue, Legalists people advocate the use of advantage of psychology, in order to benefit as the bait, through the criminal law so that the reward for my use. So Legalists the quantity can be granted official , the focus does not lie in the ability to play a sage, but to make it to the monarchauthoritarian rule. Legalists in the operation of the theory, the monarch should be the strategy of how to manage personnel, controldone on the system. Although in theory Legalistsmade on the opposite point of view, and at that time as carrying out the state of Qin Legalist thought as a firm and thorough countries attached great importance to the rulers or the. Spring and Autumn Period of China39s talent is thinking of the period of great development, in addition to the several schools of thought point of view, the tube , Zi , Mencius , Xunzi , Lu39s Spring and Autumn and other works, ideas for talent also have been elucidated, has a certain impact on future generations. Third, the Warring States period of military merit system established Grand Warring States period, the feudal landlord class emerging under the Legalist doctrine, have been introduced in the reform countries, which also carried out the electoral system for a variety of reforms to break the slave aristocracy39s monopoly of power. For example, the implementation of reformappointmentto eat and Paul are active workers, so that must be carried out to the tour, when the punishment will be 13 of the policy, breaking the old aristocracy of the hereditary position of Paul. Mr Houto the public even as the country with the implementation of Ju-xian election training,enabled approach to enhance the strength Zhao.for appointmentphase, implementation of the see-gong with tours, which can be granted by government officials 14 of the policy, but also a powerful time in Korea. WU Qi-Chuappointments, the provisions of the descendants of the aristocracy and the recipient Tseuk Luk III , 15 and non-urgent need for donor officials, who spentalienation 16 was famous Chu. In the state of Qin, Shang Yang inwith the support of the most complete implementation of the reform, so as to Qin unification of China laid the foundation. Shang Yang in the reform of the abolition of the imperial clan of the many privileges of nobility, that it is for war imperial clan, on a membership will not be allowed to , 17 and thus rejected the cronyism of the old system. He also rewards Ligeng war, the implementation of military merit system Grand. Book of Lord Shang punishment tours, said Cyrildesigned for soldiers, no facilities are also different. There are more than ten kinds of the book Grand entry, and later, such as the development of 20 Grand. The so-called Grand Military system is operational in accordance with the size of the credit granted to the title, a title representative of the political status and economic privileges. Hanfeizi fixed , said The law of Lord Shang said those who cut a Grand level officials who want to stone for 50 officers. Tsam 2 2 De Grand, For official stone for a hundred officers .decapitation of the transfer of reactive power and also commensurate. This shows that the number of war enemy, directly related to the title, the promotion treatment. 1975 Yunmeng county in Hubei Province to sleep in the tomb of Qin Fu Tei unearthed a large number of records of the Qin bamboo slips law, and fully confirmed theQin to the reliability of military merit. Although the implementation of a feudal rulersMilitary policy, but because of strict restrictions on the social hierarchy, they do not want general war service has been through the lower Grandeasily into the upper ranks of the rulers. Therefore also provides, inter alia, the general can only get lowtitle. According to Han Ji-Gautier, records, when the Qin and Han, low-Grand Grand-min of points, said seven doctors, publicalso by the above. This is the eighth-grade public by the following Grand Grand people. Military general to a Grandcan not exceed this level by the public. If exceeded, the excess must be transferred to a series of his own son or brother. However, in spite of the feudal rulers have done such a restriction, but whether it is Grandor low, it will in the political, economic privileges enjoyed by many. Militarycan rely on the general Grand system into the ranks of new landowners to the emerging power of the landlord class grow. Fourth, the Warring States custody at the time of the Warring States period, the winds of disabilities, dependents with disabilities has become a social trend. The so-called dependents with disabilities, is the monarch and the nobility were usually convened a group of knowledgeable, talented people at your side, to support their lives, inviting them to the court39s general policy recommendations, or at any time selectedstaff may also be granted some of their temporary political mission. Generally speaking, those who represent the interests of the feudal landlord class intellectuals of the middle and lower classes, in which a small number of middle and lower classes of workers, but often have to have people skills. At this time the taxi from the national, ethnic, economic status of the restrictions, as long as the talented, good at dialectical statement, regardless of wherever the country, are likely to be treated, and even given the task. As a result of these disabilities often run in countries everywhere to sell their own political ideas and planning strategies, and power, so-called lobby people , they are a political arena was the most active force. 1. Oriental six countries who raise at this time of the six nations competing Eastern dependent with disabilities, with a view to strengthening their own forces. In virgatum outside such as Qi Linzi city near the west gate built a large house, the recruitment of thousands of scholars to give lectures on the Bachelor Road here was called Jixia degree. Chunyu famous

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